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Anglais · 2ème Année Bac — Lettres & Sciences Humaines

International organizations 2nd year bac letters

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L'essentiel du cours

Ce chapitre porte sur le rôle des organisations internationales dans la gestion des problèmes mondiaux (paix, santé, éducation, droits de l'homme).

1. Les types d'organisations :

  • IGOs (Intergovernmental Organizations) : Créées par des États (gouvernements). Exemples : The United Nations (UN), The World Health Organization (WHO), UNESCO.
  • NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) : Organisations privées, indépendantes des gouvernements. Exemples : Amnesty International, Red Cross, Greenpeace.

2. Vocabulaire clé :

  • To promote peace: Promouvoir la paix.
  • To provide humanitarian aid: Fournir l'aide humanitaire.
  • To protect human rights: Protéger les droits de l'homme.
  • To tackle global issues: S'attaquer aux problèmes mondiaux.
  • To cooperate: Coopérer.
  • A treaty / An agreement: Un traité / Un accord.

3. Grammaire associée (Expressing Purpose & Cause) :

  • L'expression du but (Purpose) :
    • $\text{to} + \text{infinitive}$
    • $\text{in order to} + \text{infinitive}$
    • $\text{so as to} + \text{infinitive}$
  • L'expression de la cause (Cause) :
    • $\text{because} + \text{subject} + \text{verb}$
    • $\text{because of} / \text{due to} + \text{noun / gerund (-ing)}$

Méthodes à maîtriser

  1. Rédaction d'un paragraphe : Pour parler d'une organisation, utilisez la structure : [Name of Org] is an [IGO/NGO] that works to [Mission]. It aims to [Purpose] in order to [Goal].
  2. Distinction IGO/NGO : Si l'acteur est un gouvernement $\rightarrow$ IGO. Si l'acteur est une association/groupe de citoyens $\rightarrow$ NGO.
  3. Utilisation de la cause/but : Ne confondez pas "because" (suivi d'une phrase) et "because of" (suivi d'un nom).

Exemples corrigés

  • Exemple 1 (Purpose) :
    • Question : Combine: "The UN was created. It wants to maintain international peace."
    • Réponse : The UN was created in order to maintain international peace.
  • Exemple 2 (Cause) :
    • Question : Combine: "UNESCO helps countries. It is because of the need for education."
    • Réponse : UNESCO helps countries because of the need for education.

Erreurs fréquentes

  • Confusion IGO/NGO : Dire que l'ONU est une NGO (Faux, c'est une IGO).
  • Erreur grammaticale : Écrire "because to protect" au lieu de "in order to protect".
  • Oubli du "to" : Écrire "The WHO works protect health" au lieu de "The WHO works to protect health".
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Défi flash : 4 questions

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🎯 International organizations 2nd year bac letters

1/4

Which of the following is an IGO?

❓ Questions fréquentes

What is the main difference between an IGO and an NGO?

The main difference lies in their members:

  1. IGOs (Intergovernmental Organizations) are formed by sovereign states (governments). Example: The UN.
  2. NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) are private organizations formed by individuals or groups, independent of governments. Example: Red Cross.

💡 À retenir : IGO = Governments / NGO = Private citizens.

What does the UN stand for and what is its main goal?

The UN stands for the United Nations. Its main goal is to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, and promote social progress and human rights.

💡 À retenir : UN = United Nations $\rightarrow$ Peace & Security.

What is the role of the WHO?

The WHO (World Health Organization) is an IGO responsible for international public health. Its roles include:

  1. Coordinating responses to health emergencies (like pandemics).
  2. Promoting universal health coverage.
  3. Monitoring health trends worldwide.

💡 À retenir : WHO = Health.

What is the role of UNESCO?

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) focuses on:

  1. Promoting education for all.
  2. Protecting world cultural and natural heritage.
  3. Encouraging scientific cooperation.

💡 À retenir : UNESCO = Education, Science, and Culture.

What is the role of UNICEF?

UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) works to protect the rights of children worldwide. It focuses on:

  1. Providing nutrition and healthcare to children.
  2. Ensuring access to education.
  3. Protecting children in emergency situations (wars, disasters).

💡 À retenir : UNICEF = Children's rights and welfare.

Chno lfarq bin NGO w IGO?

Lfarq houwa:

  1. IGO (Intergovernmental Organization) hiya tanidamiya li mcharka fiha l-dowal (gouvernements), bhal l'ONU.
  2. NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) hiya tanidamiya khassa (privée), machi dyal l-hokouma, bhal Amnesty International.

💡 À retenir : IGO = Dowal / NGO = Association khassa.

Kifach nktb paragraph 3la l'ONU?

Bach tktb paragraph mzyan, tbe3 had l-khoutowat:

  1. Introduction: Goul chno hiya l'ONU (It is an IGO).
  2. Mission: Goul chno kadir (It works to maintain peace).
  3. Examples: Goul kifach (By organizing summits or sending peacekeepers).
  4. Conclusion: Goul l'ahammiya dyalha (It is essential for global stability).

💡 À retenir : Start with a definition, then explain the mission.

Wash had l'unit dyal l'international organizations s3iba?

La, machi s3iba! Khass ghir t3qel 3la:

  1. L-vocabulaire (les mots clés bhal peace, rights, aid).
  2. Les acronymes (UN, WHO, UNESCO...).
  3. Grammaire (l'expression du but to/in order to w l'expression de la cause because/due to).

💡 À retenir : Focus on vocabulary and the two grammar points.

How can I express "purpose" in a sentence?

You can use three main structures followed by a verb in the infinitive:

  1. To + verb (e.g., to help).
  2. In order to + verb (e.g., in order to help).
  3. So as to + verb (e.g., so as to help).

💡 À retenir : All these mean "pour" or "afin de".

How can I express "cause" using "because" and "because of"?

It depends on what follows:

  1. Use because + a full sentence (Subject + Verb). Example: They help people because they want peace.
  2. Use because of (or due to) + a noun or a gerund (-ing). Example: They help people because of the war.

💡 À retenir : Because + Sentence / Because of + Noun.

What are some examples of global issues that IOs tackle?

International organizations tackle many issues, such as:

  • Climate change (Environmental issues).
  • Poverty and hunger (Economic issues).
  • War and terrorism (Security issues).
  • Pandemics (Health issues).

💡 À retenir : IOs exist to solve these global problems.

Why are NGOs important if we already have IGOs?

NGOs are important because:

  1. They are often more flexible and faster than IGOs.
  2. They can work directly on the ground with local communities.
  3. They can act as "watchdogs" to criticize governments and protect human rights.

💡 À retenir : NGOs provide specialized and direct action.

✍️ Exercices type examen national

Exercice 1

Exercise 1: Vocabulary Matching (Level: Easy) Match the organization in column A with its main mission in column B.

Column AColumn B
1. WHOa. Protecting children's rights and health.
2. UNESCOb. Maintaining international peace and security.
3. UNICEFc. Managing global public health issues.
4. The UNd. Promoting education, science, and culture.

Exercise 2: Grammar - Purpose and Cause (Level: Medium) Complete the sentences with the correct word from the list: (to / in order to / because / because of / so as to).

  1. The Red Cross provides medical aid __________ help victims of war.
  2. Many people suffer __________ the lack of clean water.
  3. The UN was established __________ prevent future world wars.
  4. Governments cooperate __________ they want to solve climate change.
  5. They organized a summit __________ discuss the economic crisis.

Exercise 3: Writing (Level: Hard) Write a short paragraph (50-60 words) about the importance of International Organizations. Use at least one expression of purpose (e.g., in order to) and one expression of cause (e.g., because of).

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