International Trade and Logistics

1. Logistics focuses on the movement and storage of goods within a company.
2. Supply chain management is the broader network involving suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors.

💡 À retenir : Logistics is a part of the Supply Chain.

1. It acts as a receipt of goods.
2. It serves as a contract of carriage between the shipper and the carrier.
3. It is a document of title (proof of ownership).

💡 À retenir : Without a B/L, you cannot claim your goods at the destination port.

1. Each Incoterm defines who pays for freight, insurance, and customs.
2. If you choose an "Ex Works" (EXW) term, the price is lower but you pay more for transport.
3. If you choose "Delivered Duty Paid" (DDP), the price is higher because it includes all costs.

💡 À retenir : Always compare the "landed cost" before choosing an Incoterm.

1. Usually, the insurance premium is a percentage of the CIF value or the invoice value.
2. Use the formula: $Premium = Value \times Rate$.
3. Ensure the coverage meets the requirements of the contract (e.g., Institute Cargo Clauses).

💡 À retenir : CIF requires minimum insurance coverage (Clause C).

1. They act as an intermediary between the shipper and the transport services.
2. They handle documentation, customs clearance, and logistics coordination.
3. They help optimize transport costs and routes.

💡 À retenir : A freight forwarder simplifies complex international shipping processes.

1. No, Incoterms do not define the transfer of ownership (title).
2. Ownership is determined by the sales contract and payment terms.

💡 À retenir : Incoterms only cover risks, costs, and delivery responsibilities.

1. Currency fluctuation (exchange rate risk).
2. Non-payment by the buyer.
3. Transport damage or loss.
4. Political or regulatory changes.

💡 À retenir : Use Letters of Credit or insurance to mitigate these risks.

1. It is the primary document used for customs declaration.
2. It details the buyer, seller, goods description, price, and payment terms.

💡 À retenir : It is the "passport" of the goods during international transit.

1. Notify the client immediately.
2. Check the contract for "Force Majeure" clauses.
3. Coordinate with the freight forwarder to find an alternative route.

💡 À retenir : Proactive communication preserves business relationships.

1. It is the process of getting goods through customs authorities.
2. It involves paying duties and taxes.
3. It requires submitting valid documents like the invoice and packing list.

💡 À retenir : Goods cannot enter a country without customs clearance.

1. It provides details about the contents of each package (weight, dimensions).
2. It helps customs and the buyer verify the shipment.

💡 À retenir : The packing list must match the commercial invoice exactly.

1. It proves where the goods were manufactured.
2. It is often required to benefit from preferential tariff rates in trade agreements.

💡 À retenir : It can save significant money on customs duties.